The Apollo Moon rocks - irrefutable proof that we landed

What a crock, you claimed White addressed all the impediments when he completely failed. You dump 40 odd videos on this thread that you now admit you simply don't understand! Thousands of DOCTORATE geology experts have been studying these samples for 54 years, they are faultless. It is impossible to replicate the things highlighted.

A simple degree in geology is not a necessity to do basic research, nor does having one suddenly imbue a person with decades of experience.

An utterly pathetic statement! You do this every single time showing NO objectivity or critical thinking. The following is barely touching on the subject and is confirmed by reports from Apollo samples:

• The reports from the samples show formation in low gravity. This isn't up for debate, it is a fact!
• It is why the idiotic claims are made that they are meteorites. Impossible for many reasons, not least because the number of samples is hundreds of times more than any lunar meteorites ever found!
• There is zero terrestrial weathering on the samples - no long-term reactions to gasses in the atmosphere, water vapor or rain-water. ZERO.
• The Apollo samples are absolutely bone dry (though some picked up very light contamination during return to Earth). Essentially that is also impossible for Earth rocks or any meteorite that has been in situ longer than a few hours (even deserts).
• Elements common to Earth rocks are simply not present!
• A majorly important point is the presence of solar isotopes. This is simply impossible to replicate on Earth, these are not Earth rocks. Helium-3 is found in abundance and particularly on the exterior in shallow layers - impossible for a meteorite!
• Also present on many rocks are the very tiny zap-pits which have their own characteristics of solar isotopes around the impact points. To suggest a magic machine did this is off-the-scale ignorant.

Addressed already and as usual you have not the slightest scrap of evidence to support this. No design work, no development plans, no launch schedules, no monitoring -NOTHING! The Soviets who were ahead in the space race up until Gemini, managed a few grams from their robots. The US brought back 842lbs including 3m long core samples that have been examined and authenticated!

A moronic claim. You do this all the time, the big arm-wave and thousands of geology experts suddenly don't count just because you say it's a "scenario". MEH!

Yet again the spam claim - I asked you to stop doing this off topic crap. 842lbs of lunar samples examined by the best geologists ion the planet TRUMPS your pathetic observations that, whether you agree it, like it or deny it, have all been systematically debunked to death!
Post 63 has a short reply to your spam.

 

The evidence that NASA conducted a successful series of flights, landing 6 times is REALLY crushing. Proper evidence that doesn't get annihilated with simple scrutiny. Things that 64 years later still hold up against full scientific observation!

 

Well even today, geologists are examining Apollo samples and finding out new things!

Research sheds new light on moon rock formation solving major puzzle in lunar geology (phys.org)
New research has cracked a vital process in the creation of a unique rock type from the moon. The discovery explains its signature composition and very presence on the lunar surface at all, unraveling a mystery that has long eluded scientists.

The study, published today in Nature Geoscience, reveals a key step in the genesis of these distinctive magmas. A combination of high-temperature laboratory experiments using molten rocks and sophisticated isotopic analyses of lunar samples identify a critical reaction that controls their composition.

This reaction took place in the deep lunar interior some three and a half billion years ago, involving the exchange of the element iron (Fe) in the magma with the element magnesium (Mg) in the surrounding rocks, modifying the chemical and physical properties of the melt.

Co-lead author Tim Elliott, Professor of Earth Sciences at the University of Bristol, said, "The origin of volcanic lunar rocks is a fascinating tale involving an 'avalanche' of an unstable, planetary-scale crystal pile created by the cooling of a primordial magma ocean."

"Central to constraining this epic history is the presence of a magma type unique to the moon, but explaining how such magmas could even have got to the surface, to be sampled by Space missions, has been a troublesome problem. It is great to have resolved this dilemma."

• An electron-microscope image of an experiment from this study. Melt (brown color) reacts with surrounding crystals (green colors), resulting in a less Fe-rich melt. Credit: University of Bristol/University of Münster

• Image shows moon rock, known as high-Ti basalt, sample from Apollo 17 mission like those analyzed in this study. Credit: NASA

• Image shows a map of the Titanium abundances of the moon's surface, obtained from NASA's Clementine spacecraft. The red parts indicate extremely high concentrations compared to terrestrial rocks. Credit: Lunar and Planetary Institute

• An electron-microscope image of an experiment from this study. Melt (brown color) reacts with surrounding crystals (green colors), resulting in a less Fe-rich melt. Credit: University of Bristol/University of Münster

Image shows moon rock, known as high-Ti basalt, sample from Apollo 17 mission like those analyzed in this study. Credit: NASA

• Surprisingly high concentrations of the element titanium (Ti) in parts of the lunar surface have been known since the NASA Apollo missions, back in the 1960s and 1970s, which successfully returned solidified, ancient lava samples from the moon's crust. More recent mapping by orbiting satellites shows these magmas, known as 'high-Ti basalts,' to be widespread on the moon.

 

Scientists find hydrogen in Apollo moon rocks, suggesting astronauts can harvest lunar water | Space

Scientists find hydrogen in Apollo moon rocks, suggesting astronauts can harvest lunar water

Future astronauts could harvest water available right on the moon to use as rocket propellant and for life support.

An image of the Apollo 17 moon rock troctolite 76535. This study was focused on sample 79221. (Image credit: NASA/Johnson Space Center)

A fresh analysis of moon rocks brought home during the Apollo missions has, for the first time, revealed the presence of hydrogen. This finding suggests future astronauts could someday use water available right on the moon for life support and rocket fuel. Researchers with the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), to whom NASA provided the lunar samples for a research study, announced last week that they discovered hydrogen in lunar soil sample 79221. The detected hydrogen is thought to have been brought into existence by incessant showers of solar wind, and even comet strikes, on the moon.

 

Fresh Look at Apollo Moon Rocks Reveals Solar System Secrets | MIT Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences
"Guenther, working with Grove, has has been "doing experiments on the most bizarre of the lunar volcanic glass beads that were formed by fire fountain eruptions into lunar vacuum during the time of mare volcanism," says Grove. "They are the Apollo 14 Black Glasses and they contain 16.4 wt. % TiO2. Most Earth rocks have 1-2 wt. % TiO2. Also they were erupted super hot, around 1450 degrees oC." These samples represent very high temperature and pressure melting, and In the lab, Megan has melted and crystallized samples at pressures up to 4 GPa, equating to depths of about 900 km in the Moon.

Harry Brodsky, an undergraduate student from Northeastern interning in the Grove lab, followed up on Guenther's work, reporting on a similar moon problem of remelting the deep interior magma ocean cumulates to make mare basalts at LPSC. EAPS graduate student Max Collinet reported on melting of chondrite planetesimals to make the second most abundant chondrite meteorite group in existence -- over 500 unique individual samples of these ureilites have fallen out of the sky."

 

Apollo's Bounty: The Science of the Moon Rocks | Scientific American
"The Apollo missions are most celebrated for putting human footprints on the moon, but their biggest contribution to science was the collection of rocks the astronauts brought home with them. To call these 382 kilograms of stone and regolith (the thick layer of crushed rock and dust that covers the surface of the moon and other planetary bodies) a treasure trove does not do them justice. Studying these samples in laboratories on Earth helped to establish the modern field of planetary science and gave us crucial insights into geologic processes that operate on all planetary bodies.

I was born too late to witness Apollo 11, but my life and career as a planetary scientist have been directly shaped by the samples brought back by the six missions that landed on the moon. For instance, some of my research concerns explosive volcanic deposits on the lunar surface. The data that I have used come from samples that were scooped directly off the surface by astronauts during Apollo 15 and 17. Other data were gathered by orbiting spacecraft that scientists built and sent to the moon as a direct result of the scientific and technical knowledge gained through the Apollo missions."

"Over the decades, he says, the agency has distributed more than 50,000 unique lunar samples, and currently 145 scientists are studying more than 8,000 samples in diverse fields, including astronomy, biology, chemistry, engineering, materials science, medicine and geology. Above all, the moon rocks have revolutionized our understanding of three major subjects: the nature of the lunar surface, the origin of the moon and the evolution of our solar system."

On a side note, anyone with a search engine and 20 seconds to spare, can find out that the Apollo flag is made of Nylon

 

Apollo rock samples capture key moments in the Moon’s early history, study finds | Brown University
"PROVIDENCE, R.I. [Brown University] — Volcanic rock samples collected during NASA’s Apollo missions bear the isotopic signature of key events in the early evolution of the Moon, a new analysis found. Those events include the formation of the Moon’s iron core, as well as the crystallization of the lunar magma ocean — the sea of molten rock thought to have covered the Moon for around 100 million years after it formed.

The analysis, published in the journal Science Advances, used a technique called secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to study volcanic glasses returned from the Apollo 15 and 17 missions, which are thought to represent some of the most primitive volcanic material on the Moon. The study looked specifically at sulfur isotope composition, which can reveal details about the chemical evolution of lavas from generation, transport and eruption.

“For many years it appeared as though the lunar basaltic rock samples analyzed had a very limited variation in sulfur isotope ratios,” said Alberto Saal, a geology professor at Brown University and study co-author. “That would suggest that the interior of the Moon has a basically homogeneous sulfur isotopic composition. But using modern in situ analytical techniques, we show that the isotope ratios of the volcanic glasses actually have a fairly wide range, and those variations can be explained by events early in lunar history.”

The sulfur signature of interest is the ratio of the “heavy” sulfur-34 isotope to the lighter sulfur-32. Initial studies of lunar volcanic samples found that they uniformly leaned toward the heavier sulfur-34. The nearly homogeneous sulfur isotope ratio was in contrast with large variations in other elements and isotopes detected in the lunar samples.

This new study looked at 67 individual volcanic glass samples and their melt inclusions — tiny blobs of molten lava trapped within crystals inside the glass. Melt inclusions capture the lava before sulfur and other volatile elements are released as gas during eruption — a process called degassing. As such, they offer a pristine picture of what the original source lava was like. Using the SIMS at the Carnegie Institution for Science, Saal with his colleague, the late Carnegie scientist Eric Hauri, were able to measure the sulfur isotopes in these pristine melt inclusions and glasses, and use those results to calibrate a model of the degassing process for all the samples."